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1 2The Speakup User's Guide3For Speakup 3.1.2 and Later4By Gene Collins5Updated by others6Last modified on Mon Sep 27 14:26:31 20107Document version 1.38 9Copyright (c) 2005 Gene Collins10Copyright (c) 2008, 2023 Samuel Thibault11Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 the Speakup Team12 13Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document14under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or15any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no16Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A17copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free18Documentation License".19 20Preface21 22The purpose of this document is to familiarize users with the user23interface to Speakup, a Linux Screen Reader. If you need instructions24for installing or obtaining Speakup, visit the web site at25http://linux-speakup.org/. Speakup is a set of patches to the standard26Linux kernel source tree. It can be built as a series of modules, or as27a part of a monolithic kernel. These details are beyond the scope of28this manual, but the user may need to be aware of the module29capabilities, depending on how your system administrator has installed30Speakup. If Speakup is built as a part of a monolithic kernel, and the31user is using a hardware synthesizer, then Speakup will be able to32provide speech access from the time the kernel is loaded, until the time33the system is shutdown. This means that if you have obtained Linux34installation media for a distribution which includes Speakup as a part35of its kernel, you will be able, as a blind person, to install Linux36with speech access unaided by a sighted person. Again, these details37are beyond the scope of this manual, but the user should be aware of38them. See the web site mentioned above for further details.39 401. Starting Speakup41 42If your system administrator has installed Speakup to work with your43specific synthesizer by default, then all you need to do to use Speakup44is to boot your system, and Speakup should come up talking. This45assumes of course that your synthesizer is a supported hardware46synthesizer, and that it is either installed in or connected to your47system, and is if necessary powered on.48 49It is possible, however, that Speakup may have been compiled into the50kernel with no default synthesizer. It is even possible that your51kernel has been compiled with support for some of the supported52synthesizers and not others. If you find that this is the case, and53your synthesizer is supported but not available, complain to the person54who compiled and installed your kernel. Or better yet, go to the web55site, and learn how to patch Speakup into your own kernel source, and56build and install your own kernel.57 58If your kernel has been compiled with Speakup, and has no default59synthesizer set, or you would like to use a different synthesizer than60the default one, then you may issue the following command at the boot61prompt of your boot loader.62 63linux speakup.synth=ltlk64 65This command would tell Speakup to look for and use a LiteTalk or66DoubleTalk LT at boot up. You may replace the ltlk synthesizer keyword67with the keyword for whatever synthesizer you wish to use. The68speakup.synth parameter will accept the following keywords, provided69that support for the related synthesizers has been built into the70kernel.71 72acntsa -- Accent SA73acntpc -- Accent PC74apollo -- Apollo75audptr -- Audapter76bns -- Braille 'n Speak77dectlk -- DecTalk Express (old and new, db9 serial only)78decext -- DecTalk (old) External79dtlk -- DoubleTalk PC80keypc -- Keynote Gold PC81ltlk -- DoubleTalk LT, LiteTalk, or external Tripletalk (db9 serial only)82spkout -- Speak Out83txprt -- Transport84dummy -- Plain text terminal85 86Note: Speakup does * NOT * support the internal Tripletalk!87 88Speakup does support two other synthesizers, but because they work in89conjunction with other software, they must be loaded as modules after90their related software is loaded, and so are not available at boot up.91These are as follows:92 93decpc -- DecTalk PC (not available at boot up)94soft -- One of several software synthesizers (not available at boot up)95 96By default speakup looks for the synthesizer on the ttyS0 serial port. This can97be changed with the device parameter of the modules, for instance for98DoubleTalk LT:99 100speakup_ltlk.dev=ttyUSB0101 102See the sections on loading modules and software synthesizers later in103this manual for further details. It should be noted here that the104speakup.synth boot parameter will have no effect if Speakup has been105compiled as modules. In order for Speakup modules to be loaded during106the boot process, such action must be configured by your system107administrator. This will mean that you will hear some, but not all, of108the bootup messages.109 1102. Basic operation111 112Once you have booted the system, and if necessary, have supplied the113proper bootup parameter for your synthesizer, Speakup will begin114talking as soon as the kernel is loaded. In fact, it will talk a lot!115It will speak all the boot up messages that the kernel prints on the116screen during the boot process. This is because Speakup is not a117separate screen reader, but is actually built into the operating118system. Since almost all console applications must print text on the119screen using the kernel, and must get their keyboard input through the120kernel, they are automatically handled properly by Speakup. There are a121few exceptions, but we'll come to those later.122 123Note: In this guide I will refer to the numeric keypad as the keypad.124This is done because the speakupmap.map file referred to later in this125manual uses the term keypad instead of numeric keypad. Also I'm lazy126and would rather only type one word. So keypad it is. Got it? Good.127 128Most of the Speakup review keys are located on the keypad at the far129right of the keyboard. The numlock key should be off, in order for these130to work. If you toggle the numlock on, the keypad will produce numbers,131which is exactly what you want for spreadsheets and such. For the132purposes of this guide, you should have the numlock turned off, which is133its default state at bootup.134 135You probably won't want to listen to all the bootup messages every time136you start your system, though it's a good idea to listen to them at137least once, just so you'll know what kind of information is available to138you during the boot process. You can always review these messages after139bootup with the command:140 141dmesg | more142 143In order to speed the boot process, and to silence the speaking of the144bootup messages, just press the keypad enter key. This key is located145in the bottom right corner of the keypad. Speakup will shut up and stay146that way, until you press another key.147 148You can check to see if the boot process has completed by pressing the 8149key on the keypad, which reads the current line. This also has the150effect of starting Speakup talking again, so you can press keypad enter151to silence it again if the boot process has not completed.152 153When the boot process is complete, you will arrive at a "login" prompt.154At this point, you'll need to type in your user id and password, as155provided by your system administrator. You will hear Speakup speak the156letters of your user id as you type it, but not the password. This is157because the password is not displayed on the screen for security158reasons. This has nothing to do with Speakup, it's a Linux security159feature.160 161Once you've logged in, you can run any Linux command or program which is162allowed by your user id. Normal users will not be able to run programs163which require root privileges.164 165When you are running a program or command, Speakup will automatically166speak new text as it arrives on the screen. You can at any time silence167the speech with keypad enter, or use any of the Speakup review keys.168 169Here are some basic Speakup review keys, and a short description of what170they do.171 172keypad 1 -- read previous character173keypad 2 -- read current character (pressing keypad 2 twice rapidly will speak174 the current character phonetically)175keypad 3 -- read next character176keypad 4 -- read previous word177keypad 5 -- read current word (press twice rapidly to spell the current word)178keypad 6 -- read next word179keypad 7 -- read previous line180keypad 8 -- read current line (press twice rapidly to hear how much the181 text on the current line is indented)182keypad 9 -- read next line183keypad period -- speak current cursor position and announce current184 virtual console185 186It's also worth noting that the insert key on the keypad is mapped187as the speakup key. Instead of pressing and releasing this key, as you188do under DOS or Windows, you hold it like a shift key, and press other189keys in combination with it. For example, repeatedly holding keypad190insert, from now on called speakup, and keypad enter will toggle the191speaking of new text on the screen on and off. This is not the same as192just pressing keypad enter by itself, which just silences the speech193until you hit another key. When you hit speakup plus keypad enter,194Speakup will say, "You turned me off.", or "Hey, that's better." When195Speakup is turned off, no new text on the screen will be spoken. You196can still use the reading controls to review the screen however.197 1983. Using the Speakup Help System199 200In order to enter the Speakup help system, press and hold the speakup201key (remember that this is the keypad insert key), and press the f1 key.202You will hear the message:203 204"Press space to leave help, cursor up or down to scroll, or a letter to205go to commands in list."206 207When you press the spacebar to leave the help system, you will hear:208 209"Leaving help."210 211While you are in the Speakup help system, you can scroll up or down212through the list of available commands using the cursor keys. The list213of commands is arranged in alphabetical order. If you wish to jump to214commands in a specific part of the alphabet, you may press the letter of215the alphabet you wish to jump to.216 217You can also just explore by typing keyboard keys. Pressing keys will218cause Speakup to speak the command associated with that key. For219example, if you press the keypad 8 key, you will hear:220 221"Keypad 8 is line, say current."222 223You'll notice that some commands do not have keys assigned to them.224This is because they are very infrequently used commands, and are also225accessible through the sys system. We'll discuss the sys system later226in this manual.227 228You'll also notice that some commands have two keys assigned to them.229This is because Speakup has a built in set of alternative key bindings230for laptop users. The alternate speakup key is the caps lock key. You231can press and hold the caps lock key, while pressing an alternate232speakup command key to activate the command. On most laptops, the233numeric keypad is defined as the keys in the j k l area of the keyboard.234 235There is usually a function key which turns this keypad function on and236off, and some other key which controls the numlock state. Toggling the237keypad functionality on and off can become a royal pain. So, Speakup238gives you a simple way to get at an alternative set of key mappings for239your laptop. These are also available by default on desktop systems,240because Speakup does not know whether it is running on a desktop or241laptop. So you may choose which set of Speakup keys to use. Some242system administrators may have chosen to compile Speakup for a desktop243system without this set of alternate key bindings, but these details are244beyond the scope of this manual. To use the caps lock for its normal245purpose, hold the shift key while toggling the caps lock on and off. We246should note here, that holding the caps lock key and pressing the z key247will toggle the alternate j k l keypad on and off.248 2494. Keys and Their Assigned Commands250 251In this section, we'll go through a list of all the speakup keys and252commands. You can also get a list of commands and assigned keys from253the help system.254 255The following list was taken from the speakupmap.map file. Key256assignments are on the left of the equal sign, and the associated257Speakup commands are on the right. The designation "spk" means to press258and hold the speakup key, a.k.a. keypad insert, a.k.a. caps lock, while259pressing the other specified key.260 261spk key_f9 = punc_level_dec262spk key_f10 = punc_level_inc263spk key_f11 = reading_punc_dec264spk key_f12 = reading_punc_inc265spk key_1 = vol_dec266spk key_2 = vol_inc267spk key_3 = pitch_dec268spk key_4 = pitch_inc269spk key_5 = rate_dec270spk key_6 = rate_inc271key_kpasterisk = toggle_cursoring272spk key_kpasterisk = speakup_goto273spk key_f1 = speakup_help274spk key_f2 = set_win275spk key_f3 = clear_win276spk key_f4 = enable_win277spk key_f5 = edit_some278spk key_f6 = edit_most279spk key_f7 = edit_delim280spk key_f8 = edit_repeat281shift spk key_f9 = edit_exnum282 key_kp7 = say_prev_line283spk key_kp7 = left_edge284 key_kp8 = say_line285double key_kp8 = say_line_indent286spk key_kp8 = say_from_top287 key_kp9 = say_next_line288spk key_kp9 = top_edge289 key_kpminus = speakup_parked290spk key_kpminus = say_char_num291 key_kp4 = say_prev_word292spk key_kp4 = say_from_left293 key_kp5 = say_word294double key_kp5 = spell_word295spk key_kp5 = spell_phonetic296 key_kp6 = say_next_word297spk key_kp6 = say_to_right298 key_kpplus = say_screen299spk key_kpplus = say_win300 key_kp1 = say_prev_char301spk key_kp1 = right_edge302 key_kp2 = say_char303spk key_kp2 = say_to_bottom304double key_kp2 = say_phonetic_char305 key_kp3 = say_next_char306spk key_kp3 = bottom_edge307 key_kp0 = spk_key308 key_kpdot = say_position309spk key_kpdot = say_attributes310key_kpenter = speakup_quiet311spk key_kpenter = speakup_off312key_sysrq = speech_kill313 key_kpslash = speakup_cut314spk key_kpslash = speakup_paste315spk key_pageup = say_first_char316spk key_pagedown = say_last_char317key_capslock = spk_key318 spk key_z = spk_lock319key_leftmeta = spk_key320ctrl spk key_0 = speakup_goto321spk key_u = say_prev_line322spk key_i = say_line323double spk key_i = say_line_indent324spk key_o = say_next_line325spk key_minus = speakup_parked326shift spk key_minus = say_char_num327spk key_j = say_prev_word328spk key_k = say_word329double spk key_k = spell_word330spk key_l = say_next_word331spk key_m = say_prev_char332spk key_comma = say_char333double spk key_comma = say_phonetic_char334spk key_dot = say_next_char335spk key_n = say_position336 ctrl spk key_m = left_edge337 ctrl spk key_y = top_edge338 ctrl spk key_dot = right_edge339ctrl spk key_p = bottom_edge340spk key_apostrophe = say_screen341spk key_h = say_from_left342spk key_y = say_from_top343spk key_semicolon = say_to_right344spk key_p = say_to_bottom345spk key_slash = say_attributes346 spk key_enter = speakup_quiet347 ctrl spk key_enter = speakup_off348 spk key_9 = speakup_cut349spk key_8 = speakup_paste350shift spk key_m = say_first_char351 ctrl spk key_semicolon = say_last_char352spk key_r = read_all_doc353 3545. The Speakup Sys System355 356The Speakup screen reader also creates a speakup subdirectory as a part357of the sys system.358 359As a convenience, run as root360 361ln -s /sys/accessibility/speakup /speakup362 363to directly access speakup parameters from /speakup.364You can see these entries by typing the command:365 366ls -1 /speakup/*367 368If you issue the above ls command, you will get back something like369this:370 371/speakup/attrib_bleep372/speakup/bell_pos373/speakup/bleep_time374/speakup/bleeps375/speakup/cursor_time376/speakup/delimiters377/speakup/ex_num378/speakup/key_echo379/speakup/keymap380/speakup/no_interrupt381/speakup/punc_all382/speakup/punc_level383/speakup/punc_most384/speakup/punc_some385/speakup/reading_punc386/speakup/repeats387/speakup/say_control388/speakup/say_word_ctl389/speakup/silent390/speakup/spell_delay391/speakup/synth392/speakup/synth_direct393/speakup/version394 395/speakup/i18n:396announcements397characters398chartab399colors400ctl_keys401formatted402function_names403key_names404states405 406/speakup/soft:407caps_start408caps_stop409delay_time410direct411freq412full_time413jiffy_delta414pitch415inflection416punct417rate418tone419trigger_time420voice421vol422 423Notice the two subdirectories of /speakup: /speakup/i18n and424/speakup/soft.425The i18n subdirectory is described in a later section.426The files under /speakup/soft represent settings that are specific to the427driver for the software synthesizer. If you use the LiteTalk, your428synthesizer-specific settings would be found in /speakup/ltlk. In other words,429a subdirectory named /speakup/KWD is created to hold parameters specific430to the device whose keyword is KWD.431These parameters include volume, rate, pitch, and others.432 433In addition to using the Speakup hot keys to change such things as434volume, pitch, and rate, you can also echo values to the appropriate435entry in the /speakup directory. This is very useful, since it436lets you control Speakup parameters from within a script. How you437would write such scripts is somewhat beyond the scope of this manual,438but I will include a couple of simple examples here to give you a439general idea of what such scripts can do.440 441Suppose for example, that you wanted to control both the punctuation442level and the reading punctuation level at the same time. For443simplicity, we'll call them punc0, punc1, punc2, and punc3. The scripts444might look something like this:445 446#!/bin/bash447# punc0448# set punc and reading punc levels to 0449echo 0 >/speakup/punc_level450echo 0 >/speakup/reading_punc451echo Punctuation level set to 0.452 453#!/bin/bash454# punc1455# set punc and reading punc levels to 1456echo 1 >/speakup/punc_level457echo 1 >/speakup/reading_punc458echo Punctuation level set to 1.459 460#!/bin/bash461# punc2462# set punc and reading punc levels to 2463echo 2 >/speakup/punc_level464echo 2 >/speakup/reading_punc465echo Punctuation level set to 2.466 467#!/bin/bash468# punc3469# set punc and reading punc levels to 3470echo 3 >/speakup/punc_level471echo 3 >/speakup/reading_punc472echo Punctuation level set to 3.473 474If you were to store these four small scripts in a directory in your475path, perhaps /usr/local/bin, and set the permissions to 755 with the476chmod command, then you could change the default reading punc and477punctuation levels at the same time by issuing just one command. For478example, if you were to execute the punc3 command at your shell prompt,479then the reading punc and punc level would both get set to 3.480 481I should note that the above scripts were written to work with bash, but482regardless of which shell you use, you should be able to do something483similar.484 485The Speakup sys system also has another interesting use. You can echo486Speakup parameters into the sys system in a script during system487startup, and speakup will return to your preferred parameters every time488the system is rebooted.489 490Most of the Speakup sys parameters can be manipulated by a regular user491on the system. However, there are a few parameters that are dangerous492enough that they should only be manipulated by the root user on your493system. There are even some parameters that are read only, and cannot494be written to at all. For example, the version entry in the Speakup495sys system is read only. This is because there is no reason for a user496to tamper with the version number which is reported by Speakup. Doing497an ls -l on /speakup/version will return this:498 499-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Mar 21 13:46 /speakup/version500 501As you can see, the version entry in the Speakup sys system is read502only, is owned by root, and belongs to the root group. Doing a cat of503/speakup/version will display the Speakup version number, like504this:505 506cat /speakup/version507Speakup v-2.00 CVS: Thu Oct 21 10:38:21 EDT 2004508synth dtlk version 1.1509 510The display shows the Speakup version number, along with the version511number of the driver for the current synthesizer.512 513Looking at entries in the Speakup sys system can be useful in many514ways. For example, you might wish to know what level your volume is set515at. You could type:516 517cat /speakup/KWD/vol518# Replace KWD with the keyword for your synthesizer, E.G., ltlk for LiteTalk.5195520 521The number five which comes back is the level at which the synthesizer522volume is set at.523 524All the entries in the Speakup sys system are readable, some are525writable by root only, and some are writable by everyone. Unless you526know what you are doing, you should probably leave the ones that are527writable by root only alone. Most of the names are self explanatory.528Vol for controlling volume, pitch for pitch, inflection for pitch range, rate529for controlling speaking rate, etc. If you find one you aren't sure about, you530can post a query on the Speakup list.531 5326. Changing Synthesizers533 534It is possible to change to a different synthesizer while speakup is535running. In other words, it is not necessary to reboot the system536in order to use a different synthesizer. You can simply echo the537synthesizer keyword to the /speakup/synth sys entry.538Depending on your situation, you may wish to echo none to the synth539sys entry, to disable speech while one synthesizer is disconnected and540a second one is connected in its place. Then echo the keyword for the541new synthesizer into the synth sys entry in order to start speech542with the newly connected synthesizer. See the list of synthesizer543keywords in section 1 to find the keyword which matches your synth.544 5457. Loading modules546 547As mentioned earlier, Speakup can either be completely compiled into the548kernel, with the exception of the help module, or it can be compiled as549a series of modules. When compiled as modules, Speakup will only be550able to speak some of the bootup messages if your system administrator551has configured the system to load the modules at boot time. The modules552can be loaded after the file systems have been checked and mounted, or553from an initrd. There is a third possibility. Speakup can be compiled554with some components built into the kernel, and others as modules. As555we'll see in the next section, this is particularly useful when you are556working with software synthesizers.557 558If Speakup is completely compiled as modules, then you must use the559modprobe command to load Speakup. You do this by loading the module for560the synthesizer driver you wish to use. The driver modules are all561named speakup_<keyword>, where <keyword> is the keyword for the562synthesizer you want. So, in order to load the driver for the DecTalk563Express, you would type the following command:564 565modprobe speakup_dectlk566 567Issuing this command would load the DecTalk Express driver and all other568related Speakup modules necessary to get Speakup up and running.569 570To completely unload Speakup, again presuming that it is entirely built571as modules, you would give the command:572 573modprobe -r speakup_dectlk574 575The above command assumes you were running a DecTalk Express. If you576were using a different synth, then you would substitute its keyword in577place of dectlk.578 579If you have multiple drivers loaded, you need to unload all of them, in580order to completely unload Speakup.581For example, if you have loaded both the dectlk and ltlk drivers, use the582command:583modprobe -r speakup_dectlk speakup_ltlk584 585You cannot unload the driver for software synthesizers when a user-space586daemon is using /dev/softsynth. First, kill the daemon. Next, remove587the driver with the command:588modprobe -r speakup_soft589 590Now, suppose we have a situation where the main Speakup component591is built into the kernel, and some or all of the drivers are built as592modules. Since the main part of Speakup is compiled into the kernel, a593partial Speakup sys system has been created which we can take advantage594of by simply echoing the synthesizer keyword into the595/speakup/synth sys entry. This will cause the kernel to596automatically load the appropriate driver module, and start Speakup597talking. To switch to another synth, just echo a new keyword to the598synth sys entry. For example, to load the DoubleTalk LT driver,599you would type:600 601echo ltlk >/speakup/synth602 603You can use the modprobe -r command to unload driver modules, regardless604of whether the main part of Speakup has been built into the kernel or605not.606 6078. Using Software Synthesizers608 609Using a software synthesizer requires that some other software be610installed and running on your system. For this reason, software611synthesizers are not available for use at bootup, or during a system612installation process.613There are two freely-available solutions for software speech: Espeakup and614Speech Dispatcher.615These are described in subsections 8.1 and 8.2, respectively.616 617During the rest of this section, we assume that speakup_soft is either618built in to your kernel, or loaded as a module.619 620If your system does not have udev installed , before you can use a621software synthesizer, you must have created the /dev/softsynth device.622If you have not already done so, issue the following commands as root:623 624cd /dev625mknod softsynth c 10 26626 627While we are at it, we might just as well create the /dev/synth device,628which can be used to let user space programs send information to your629synthesizer. To create /dev/synth, change to the /dev directory, and630issue the following command as root:631 632mknod synth c 10 25633 634of both.635 6368.1. Espeakup637 638Espeakup is a connector between Speakup and the eSpeak software synthesizer.639Espeakup may already be available as a package for your distribution640of Linux. If it is not packaged, you need to install it manually.641You can find it in the contrib/ subdirectory of the Speakup sources.642The filename is espeakup-$VERSION.tar.bz2, where $VERSION643depends on the current release of Espeakup. The Speakup 3.1.2 source644ships with version 0.71 of Espeakup.645The README file included with the Espeakup sources describes the process646of manual installation.647 648Assuming that Espeakup is installed, either by the user or by the distributor,649follow these steps to use it.650 651Tell Speakup to use the "soft driver:652echo soft > /speakup/synth653 654Finally, start the espeakup program. There are two ways to do it.655Both require root privileges.656 657If Espeakup was installed as a package for your Linux distribution,658you probably have a distribution-specific script that controls the operation659of the daemon. Look for a file named espeakup under /etc/init.d or660/etc/rc.d. Execute the following command with root privileges:661/etc/init.d/espeakup start662Replace init.d with rc.d, if your distribution uses scripts located under663/etc/rc.d.664Your distribution will also have a procedure for starting daemons at665boot-time, so it is possible to have software speech as soon as user-space666daemons are started by the bootup scripts.667These procedures are not described in this document.668 669If you built Espeakup manually, the "make install" step placed the binary670under /usr/bin.671Run the following command as root:672/usr/bin/espeakup673Espeakup should start speaking.674 6758.2. Speech Dispatcher676 677For this option, you must have a package called678Speech Dispatcher running on your system, and it must be configured to679work with one of its supported software synthesizers.680 681Two open source synthesizers you might use are Flite and Festival. You682might also choose to purchase the Software DecTalk from Fonix Sales Inc.683If you run a google search for Fonix, you'll find their web site.684 685You can obtain a copy of Speech Dispatcher from free(b)soft at686http://www.freebsoft.org/. Follow the installation instructions that687come with Speech Dispatcher in order to install and configure Speech688Dispatcher. You can check out the web site for your Linux distribution689in order to get a copy of either Flite or Festival. Your Linux690distribution may also have a precompiled Speech Dispatcher package.691 692Once you've installed, configured, and tested Speech Dispatcher with your693chosen software synthesizer, you still need one more piece of software694in order to make things work. You need a package called speechd-up.695You get it from the free(b)soft web site mentioned above. After you've696compiled and installed speechd-up, you are almost ready to begin using697your software synthesizer.698 699Now you can begin using your software synthesizer. In order to do so,700echo the soft keyword to the synth sys entry like this:701 702echo soft >/speakup/synth703 704Next run the speechd_up command like this:705 706speechd_up &707 708Your synth should now start talking, and you should be able to adjust709the pitch, rate, etc.710 7119. Using The DecTalk PC Card712 713The DecTalk PC card is an ISA card that is inserted into one of the ISA714slots in your computer. It requires that the DecTalk PC software be715installed on your computer, and that the software be loaded onto the716Dectalk PC card before it can be used.717 718You can get the dec_pc.tgz file from the linux-speakup.org site. The719dec_pc.tgz file is in the ~ftp/pub/linux/speakup directory.720 721After you have downloaded the dec_pc.tgz file, untar it in your home722directory, and read the Readme file in the newly created dec_pc723directory.724 725The easiest way to get the software working is to copy the entire dec_pc726directory into /user/local/lib. To do this, su to root in your home727directory, and issue the command:728 729cp dec_pc /usr/local/lib730 731You will need to copy the dtload command from the dec_pc directory to a732directory in your path. Either /usr/bin or /usr/local/bin is a good733choice.734 735You can now run the dtload command in order to load the DecTalk PC736software onto the card. After you have done this, echo the decpc737keyword to the synth entry in the sys system like this:738 739echo decpc >/speakup/synth740 741Your DecTalk PC should start talking, and then you can adjust the pitch,742rate, volume, voice, etc. The voice entry in the Speakup sys system743will accept a number from 0 through 7 for the DecTalk PC synthesizer,744which will give you access to some of the DecTalk voices.745 74610. Using Cursor Tracking747 748In Speakup version 2.0 and later, cursor tracking is turned on by749default. This means that when you are using an editor, Speakup will750automatically speak characters as you move left and right with the751cursor keys, and lines as you move up and down with the cursor keys.752This is the traditional sort of cursor tracking.753Recent versions of Speakup provide two additional ways to control the754text that is spoken when the cursor is moved:755"highlight tracking" and "read window."756They are described later in this section.757Sometimes, these modes get in your way, so you can disable cursor tracking758altogether.759 760You may select among the various forms of cursor tracking using the keypad761asterisk key.762Each time you press this key, a new mode is selected, and Speakup speaks763the name of the new mode. The names for the four possible states of cursor764tracking are: "cursoring on", "highlight tracking", "read window",765and "cursoring off." The keypad asterisk key moves through the list of766modes in a circular fashion.767 768If highlight tracking is enabled, Speakup tracks highlighted text,769rather than the cursor itself. When you move the cursor with the arrow keys,770Speakup speaks the currently highlighted information.771This is useful when moving through various menus and dialog boxes.772If cursor tracking isn't helping you while navigating a menu,773try highlight tracking.774 775With the "read window" variety of cursor tracking, you can limit the text776that Speakup speaks by specifying a window of interest on the screen.777See section 15 for a description of the process of defining windows.778When you move the cursor via the arrow keys, Speakup only speaks779the contents of the window. This is especially helpful when you are hearing780superfluous speech. Consider the following example.781 782Suppose that you are at a shell prompt. You use bash, and you want to783explore your command history using the up and down arrow keys. If you784have enabled cursor tracking, you will hear two pieces of information.785Speakup speaks both your shell prompt and the current entry from the786command history. You may not want to hear the prompt repeated787each time you move, so you can silence it by specifying a window. Find788the last line of text on the screen. Clear the current window by pressing789the key combination speakup f3. Use the review cursor to find the first790character that follows your shell prompt. Press speakup + f2 twice, to791define a one-line window. The boundaries of the window are the792character following the shell prompt and the end of the line. Now, cycle793through the cursor tracking modes using keypad asterisk, until Speakup794says "read window." Move through your history using your arrow keys.795You will notice that Speakup no longer speaks the redundant prompt.796 797Some folks like to turn cursor tracking off while they are using the798lynx web browser. You definitely want to turn cursor tracking off when799you are using the alsamixer application. Otherwise, you won't be able800to hear your mixer settings while you are using the arrow keys.801 80211. Cut and Paste803 804One of Speakup's more useful features is the ability to cut and paste805text on the screen. This means that you can capture information from a806program, and paste that captured text into a different place in the807program, or into an entirely different program, which may even be808running on a different console.809 810For example, in this manual, we have made references to several web811sites. It would be nice if you could cut and paste these urls into your812web browser. Speakup does this quite nicely. Suppose you wanted to813past the following url into your browser:814 815http://linux-speakup.org/816 817Use the speakup review keys to position the reading cursor on the first818character of the above url. When the reading cursor is in position,819press the keypad slash key once. Speakup will say, "mark". Next,820position the reading cursor on the rightmost character of the above821url. Press the keypad slash key once again to actually cut the text822from the screen. Speakup will say, "cut". Although we call this823cutting, Speakup does not actually delete the cut text from the screen.824It makes a copy of the text in a special buffer for later pasting.825 826Now that you have the url cut from the screen, you can paste it into827your browser, or even paste the url on a command line as an argument to828your browser.829 830Suppose you want to start lynx and go to the Speakup site.831 832You can switch to a different console with the alt left and right833arrows, or you can switch to a specific console by typing alt and a834function key. These are not Speakup commands, just standard Linux835console capabilities.836 837Once you've changed to an appropriate console, and are at a shell prompt,838type the word lynx, followed by a space. Now press and hold the speakup839key, while you type the keypad slash character. The url will be pasted840onto the command line, just as though you had typed it in. Press the841enter key to execute the command.842 843The paste buffer will continue to hold the cut information, until a new844mark and cut operation is carried out. This means you can paste the cut845information as many times as you like before doing another cut846operation.847 848You are not limited to cutting and pasting only one line on the screen.849You can also cut and paste rectangular regions of the screen. Just850position the reading cursor at the top left corner of the text to be851cut, mark it with the keypad slash key, then position the reading cursor852at the bottom right corner of the region to be cut, and cut it with the853keypad slash key.854 85512. Changing the Pronunciation of Characters856 857Through the /speakup/i18n/characters sys entry, Speakup gives you the858ability to change how Speakup pronounces a given character. You could,859for example, change how some punctuation characters are spoken. You can860even change how Speakup will pronounce certain letters.861 862You may, for example, wish to change how Speakup pronounces the z863character. The author of Speakup, Kirk Reiser, is Canadian, and thus864believes that the z should be pronounced zed. If you are an American,865you might wish to use the zee pronunciation instead of zed. You can866change the pronunciation of both the upper and lower case z with the867following two commands:868 869echo 90 zee >/speakup/characters870echo 122 zee >/speakup/characters871 872Let's examine the parts of the two previous commands. They are issued873at the shell prompt, and could be placed in a startup script.874 875The word echo tells the shell that you want to have it display the876string of characters that follow the word echo. If you were to just877type:878 879echo hello.880 881You would get the word hello printed on your screen as soon as you882pressed the enter key. In this case, we are echoing strings that we883want to be redirected into the sys system.884 885The numbers 90 and 122 in the above echo commands are the ascii numeric886values for the upper and lower case z, the characters we wish to change.887 888The string zee is the pronunciation that we want Speakup to use for the889upper and lower case z.890 891The > symbol redirects the output of the echo command to a file, just892like in DOS, or at the Windows command prompt.893 894And finally, /speakup/i18n/characters is the file entry in the sys system895where we want the output to be directed. Speakup looks at the numeric896value of the character we want to change, and inserts the pronunciation897string into an internal table.898 899You can look at the whole table with the following command:900 901cat /speakup/i18n/characters902 903Speakup will then print out the entire character pronunciation table. I904won't display it here, but leave you to look at it at your convenience.905 90613. Mapping Keys907 908Speakup has the capability of allowing you to assign or "map" keys to909internal Speakup commands. This section necessarily assumes you have a910Linux kernel source tree installed, and that it has been patched and911configured with Speakup. How you do this is beyond the scope of this912manual. For this information, visit the Speakup web site at913http://linux-speakup.org/. The reason you'll need the kernel source914tree patched with Speakup is that the genmap utility you'll need for915processing keymaps is in the916/usr/src/linux-<version_number>/drivers/char/speakup directory. The917<version_number> in the above directory path is the version number of918the Linux source tree you are working with.919 920So ok, you've gone off and gotten your kernel source tree, and patched921and configured it. Now you can start manipulating keymaps.922 923You can either use the924/usr/src/linux-<version_number>/drivers/char/speakup/speakupmap.map file925included with the Speakup source, or you can cut and paste the copy in926section 4 into a separate file. If you use the one in the Speakup927source tree, make sure you make a backup of it before you start making928changes. You have been warned!929 930Suppose that you want to swap the key assignments for the Speakup931say_last_char and the Speakup say_first_char commands. The932speakupmap.map lists the key mappings for these two commands as follows:933 934spk key_pageup = say_first_char935spk key_pagedown = say_last_char936 937You can edit your copy of the speakupmap.map file and swap the command938names on the right side of the = (equals) sign. You did make a backup,939right? The new keymap lines would look like this:940 941spk key_pageup = say_last_char942spk key_pagedown = say_first_char943 944After you edit your copy of the speakupmap.map file, save it under a new945file name, perhaps newmap.map. Then exit your editor and return to the946shell prompt.947 948You are now ready to load your keymap with your swapped key assignments.949 Assuming that you saved your new keymap as the file newmap.map, you950would load your keymap into the sys system like this:951 952/usr/src/linux-<version_number>/drivers/char/speakup/genmap newmap.map953>/speakup/keymap954 955Remember to substitute your kernel version number for the956<version_number> in the above command. Also note that although the957above command wrapped onto two lines in this document, you should type958it all on one line.959 960Your say first and say last characters should now be swapped. Pressing961speakup pagedown should read you the first non-whitespace character on962the line your reading cursor is in, and pressing speakup pageup should963read you the last character on the line your reading cursor is in.964 965You should note that these new mappings will only stay in effect until966you reboot, or until you load another keymap.967 968One final warning. If you try to load a partial map, you will quickly969find that all the mappings you didn't include in your file got deleted970from the working map. Be extremely careful, and always make a backup!971You have been warned!972 97314. Internationalizing Speakup974 975Speakup indicates various conditions to the user by speaking messages.976For instance, when you move to the left edge of the screen with the977review keys, Speakup says, "left."978Prior to version 3.1.0 of Speakup, all of these messages were in English,979and they could not be changed. If you used a non-English synthesizer,980you still heard English messages, such as "left" and "cursoring on."981In version 3.1.0 or higher, one may load translations for the various982messages via the /sys filesystem.983 984The directory /speakup/i18n contains several collections of messages.985Each group of messages is stored in its own file.986The following section lists all of these files, along with a brief description987of each.988 98914.1. Files Under the i18n Subdirectory990 991* announcements:992This file contains various general announcements, most of which cannot993be categorized. You will find messages such as "You killed Speakup",994"I'm alive", "leaving help", "parked", "unparked", and others.995You will also find the names of the screen edges and cursor tracking modes996here.997 998* characters:999See section 12 for a description of this file.1000 1001* chartab:1002See section 12. Unlike the rest of the files in the i18n subdirectory,1003this one does not contain messages to be spoken.1004 1005* colors:1006When you use the "say attributes" function, Speakup says the name of the1007foreground and background colors. These names come from the i18n/colors1008file.1009 1010* ctl_keys:1011Here, you will find names of control keys. These are used with Speakup's1012say_control feature.1013 1014* formatted:1015This group of messages contains embedded formatting codes, to specify1016the type and width of displayed data. If you change these, you must1017preserve all of the formatting codes, and they must appear in the order1018used by the default messages.1019 1020* function_names:1021Here, you will find a list of names for Speakup functions. These are used1022by the help system. For example, suppose that you have activated help mode,1023and you pressed keypad 3. Speakup says:1024"keypad 3 is character, say next."1025The message "character, say next" names a Speakup function, and it1026comes from this function_names file.1027 1028* key_names:1029Again, key_names is used by Speakup's help system. In the previous1030example, Speakup said that you pressed "keypad 3."1031This name came from the key_names file.1032 1033* states:1034This file contains names for key states.1035Again, these are part of the help system. For instance, if you had pressed1036speakup + keypad 3, you would hear:1037"speakup keypad 3 is go to bottom edge."1038The speakup key is depressed, so the name of the key state is speakup.1039This part of the message comes from the states collection.1040 104114.2. Changing language1042 104314.2.1. Loading Your Own Messages1044 1045The files under the i18n subdirectory all follow the same format.1046They consist of lines, with one message per line.1047Each message is represented by a number, followed by the text of the message.1048The number is the position of the message in the given collection.1049For example, if you view the file /speakup/i18n/colors, you will see the1050following list:1051 10520 black10531 blue10542 green10553 cyan10564 red10575 magenta10586 yellow10597 white10608 grey1061 1062You can change one message, or you can change a whole group.1063To load a whole collection of messages from a new source, simply use1064the cp command:1065cp ~/my_colors /speakup/i18n/colors1066You can change an individual message with the echo command,1067as shown in the following example.1068 1069The Spanish name for the color blue is azul.1070Looking at the colors file, we see that the name "blue" is at position 11071within the colors group. Let's change blue to azul:1072echo '1 azul' > /speakup/i18n/colors1073The next time that Speakup says message 1 from the colors group, it will1074say "azul", rather than "blue."1075 107614.2.2. Choose a language1077 1078In the future, translations into various languages will be made available,1079and most users will just load the files necessary for their language. So far,1080only French language is available beyond native Canadian English language.1081 1082French is only available after you are logged in.1083 1084Canadian English is the default language. To toggle another language,1085download the source of Speakup and untar it in your home directory. The1086following command should let you do this:1087 1088tar xvjf speakup-<version>.tar.bz21089 1090where <version> is the version number of the application.1091 1092Next, change to the newly created directory, then into the tools/ directory, and1093run the script speakup_setlocale. You are asked the language that you want to1094use. Type the number associated to your language (e.g. fr for French) then press1095Enter. Needed files are copied in the i18n directory.1096 1097Note: the speakupconf must be installed on your system so that settings are saved.1098Otherwise, you will have an error: your language will be loaded but you will1099have to run the script again every time Speakup restarts.1100See section 16.1. for information about speakupconf.1101 1102You will have to repeat these steps for any change of locale, i.e. if you wish1103change the speakup's language or charset (iso-8859-15 ou UTF-8).1104 1105If you wish store the settings, note that at your next login, you will need to1106do:1107 1108speakup load1109 1110Alternatively, you can add the above line to your file1111~/.bashrc or ~/.bash_profile.1112 1113If your system administrator himself ran the script, all the users will be able1114to change from English to the language chosen by root and do directly1115speakupconf load (or add this to the ~/.bashrc or1116~/.bash_profile file). If there are several languages to handle, the1117administrator (or every user) will have to run the first steps until speakupconf1118save, choosing the appropriate language, in every user's home directory. Every1119user will then be able to do speakupconf load, Speakup will load his own settings.1120 112114.3. No Support for Non-Western-European Languages1122 1123As of the current release, Speakup only supports Western European languages.1124Support for the extended characters used by languages outside of the Western1125European family of languages is a work in progress.1126 112715. Using Speakup's Windowing Capability1128 1129Speakup has the capability of defining and manipulating windows on the1130screen. Speakup uses the term "Window", to mean a user defined area of1131the screen. The key strokes for defining and manipulating Speakup1132windows are as follows:1133 1134speakup + f2 -- Set the bounds of the window.1135Speakup + f3 -- clear the current window definition.1136speakup + f4 -- Toggle window silence on and off.1137speakup + keypad plus -- Say the currently defined window.1138 1139These capabilities are useful for tracking a certain part of the screen1140without rereading the whole screen, or for silencing a part of the1141screen that is constantly changing, such as a clock or status line.1142 1143There is no way to save these window settings, and you can only have one1144window defined for each virtual console. There is also no way to have1145windows automatically defined for specific applications.1146 1147In order to define a window, use the review keys to move your reading1148cursor to the beginning of the area you want to define. Then press1149speakup + f2. Speakup will tell you that the window starts at the1150indicated row and column position. Then move the reading cursor to the1151end of the area to be defined as a window, and press speakup + f2 again.1152 If there is more than one line in the window, Speakup will tell you1153that the window ends at the indicated row and column position. If there1154is only one line in the window, then Speakup will tell you that the1155window is the specified line on the screen. If you are only defining a1156one line window, you can just press speakup + f2 twice after placing the1157reading cursor on the line you want to define as a window. It is not1158necessary to position the reading cursor at the end of the line in order1159to define the whole line as a window.1160 116116. Tools for Controlling Speakup1162 1163The speakup distribution includes extra tools (in the tools directory)1164which were written to make speakup easier to use. This section will1165briefly describe the use of these tools.1166 116716.1. Speakupconf1168 1169speakupconf began life as a contribution from Steve Holmes, a member of1170the speakup community. We would like to thank him for his work on the1171early versions of this project.1172 1173This script may be installed as part of your linux distribution, but if1174it isn't, the recommended places to put it are /usr/local/bin or1175/usr/bin. This script can be run by any user, so it does not require1176root privileges.1177 1178Speakupconf allows you to save and load your Speakup settings. It works1179by reading and writing the /sys files described above.1180 1181The directory that speakupconf uses to store your settings depends on1182whether it is run from the root account. If you execute speakupconf as1183root, it uses the directory /etc/speakup. Otherwise, it uses the directory1184~/.speakup, where ~ is your home directory.1185Anyone who needs to use Speakup from your console can load his own custom1186settings with this script.1187 1188speakupconf takes one required argument: load or save.1189Use the command1190speakupconf save1191to save your Speakup settings, and1192speakupconf load1193to load them into Speakup.1194A second argument may be specified to use an alternate directory to1195load or save the speakup parameters.1196 119716.2. Talkwith1198 1199Charles Hallenbeck, another member of the speakup community, wrote the1200initial versions of this script, and we would also like to thank him for1201his work on it.1202 1203This script needs root privileges to run, so if it is not installed as1204part of your linux distribution, the recommended places to install it1205are /usr/local/sbin or /usr/sbin.1206 1207Talkwith allows you to switch synthesizers on the fly. It takes a synthesizer1208name as an argument. For instance,1209talkwith dectlk1210causes Speakup to use the DecTalk Express. If you wish to switch to a1211software synthesizer, you must also indicate which daemon you wish to1212use. There are two possible choices:1213spd and espeakup. spd is an abbreviation for speechd-up.1214If you wish to use espeakup for software synthesis, give the command1215talkwith soft espeakup1216To use speechd-up, type:1217talkwith soft spd1218Any arguments that follow the name of the daemon are passed to the daemon1219when it is invoked. For instance:1220talkwith espeakup --default-voice=fr1221causes espeakup to use the French voice.1222Note that talkwith must always be executed with root privileges.1223 1224Talkwith does not attempt to load your settings after the new1225synthesizer is activated. 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You may add other material on the covers in addition.1375Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve1376the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated1377as verbatim copying in other respects.1378 1379If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit1380legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit1381reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent1382pages.1383 1384If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering1385more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent1386copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy1387a computer-network location from which the general network-using1388public has access to download using public-standard network protocols1389a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.1390If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,1391when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure1392that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated1393location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an1394Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that1395edition to the public.1396 1397It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the1398Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give1399them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.1400 1401 14024. MODIFICATIONS1403 1404You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under1405the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release1406the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified1407Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution1408and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy1409of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:1410 1411A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct1412 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions1413 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section1414 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version1415 if the original publisher of that version gives permission.1416B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities1417 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified1418 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the1419 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),1420 unless they release you from this requirement.1421C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the1422 Modified Version, as the publisher.1423D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.1424E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications1425 adjacent to the other copyright notices.1426F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice1427 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the1428 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.1429G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections1430 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.1431H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.1432I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add1433 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and1434 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If1435 there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one1436 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as1437 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified1438 Version as stated in the previous sentence.1439J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for1440 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise1441 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions1442 it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.1443 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at1444 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original1445 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.1446K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",1447 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all1448 the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements1449 and/or dedications given therein.1450L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,1451 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers1452 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.1453M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section1454 may not be included in the Modified Version.1455N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"1456 or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.1457O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.1458 1459If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or1460appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material1461copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all1462of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the1463list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.1464These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.1465 1466You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains1467nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various1468parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has1469been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a1470standard.1471 1472You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a1473passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list1474of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of1475Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or1476through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already1477includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or1478by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,1479you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit1480permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.1481 1482The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License1483give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or1484imply endorsement of any Modified Version.1485 1486 14875. COMBINING DOCUMENTS1488 1489You may combine the Document with other documents released under this1490License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified1491versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the1492Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and1493list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its1494license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.1495 1496The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and1497multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single1498copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but1499different contents, make the title of each such section unique by1500adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original1501author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.1502Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of1503Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.1504 1505In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"1506in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled1507"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",1508and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections1509Entitled "Endorsements".1510 1511 15126. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS1513 1514You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents1515released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this1516License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in1517the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for1518verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.1519 1520You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute1521it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this1522License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all1523other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.1524 1525 15267. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS1527 1528A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate1529and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or1530distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright1531resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights1532of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.1533When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not1534apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves1535derivative works of the Document.1536 1537If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these1538copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of1539the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on1540covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the1541electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.1542Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole1543aggregate.1544 1545 15468. TRANSLATION1547 1548Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may1549distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.1550Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special1551permission from their copyright holders, but you may include1552translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the1553original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a1554translation of this License, and all the license notices in the1555Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include1556the original English version of this License and the original versions1557of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between1558the translation and the original version of this License or a notice1559or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.1560 1561If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",1562"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve1563its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual1564title.1565 1566 15679. TERMINATION1568 1569You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except1570as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to1571copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will1572automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,1573parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this1574License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such1575parties remain in full compliance.1576 1577 157810. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE1579 1580The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions1581of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new1582versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may1583differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See1584https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.1585 1586Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.1587If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this1588License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of1589following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or1590of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the1591Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version1592number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not1593as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.1594 1595 1596ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents1597 1598To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of1599the License in the document and put the following copyright and1600license notices just after the title page:1601 1602 Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.1603 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document1604 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.21605 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;1606 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.1607 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU1608 Free Documentation License".1609 1610If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,1611replace the "with...Texts." line with this:1612 1613 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the1614 Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.1615 1616If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other1617combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the1618situation.1619 1620If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we1621recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of1622free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,1623to permit their use in free software.1624 1625The End.1626